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Nuclear weapons testing

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;">

Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">Nuclear explosion</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">Effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_labor_issues" title="Nuclear labor issues">Workers</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Arsenals</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_utilization_target_selection" title="Nuclear utilization target selection">Target selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">Blackmail</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterrence_theory#Nuclear_deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_espionage" title="Nuclear espionage">Espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="No_first_use" title="No first use">No first use</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_umbrella" title="Nuclear umbrella">Umbrella</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Winter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;">

<a href="List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">Nuclear-armed states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<dl><dd><a href="Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">NPT</a> recognized <a href="United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">United States</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Russia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dd>

<dd><a href="France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France</a></dd>

<dd><a href="China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">China</a></dd>

<dd>Others <a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">Israel</a> (undeclared)</dd>

<dd><a href="Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dd>Former <a href="South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa</a></dd>

<dd><a href="List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons#Former_Soviet_Republics" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">Belarus </a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kazakhstan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction">Kazakhstan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl></td>

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<table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;">

By type</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">Chemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;">

<a href="List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_by_country" title="List of weapons of mass destruction by country">By country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Albania_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Albania and weapons of mass destruction">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Algeria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Algeria and weapons of mass destruction">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Argentina_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Argentina and weapons of mass destruction">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Australia and weapons of mass destruction">Australia</a></li>

<li>Belgium</li>

<li><a href="Brazil_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Brazil and weapons of mass destruction">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Bulgaria and weapons of mass destruction">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Canada_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Canada and weapons of mass destruction">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Egypt_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Egypt and weapons of mass destruction">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Germany and weapons of mass destruction">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Indonesia and weapons of mass destruction">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Israel and weapons of mass destruction">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Italian nuclear weapons program">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Japan and weapons of mass destruction">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakhstan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction">Kazakhstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">Libya</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexico_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Mexico and weapons of mass destruction">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Myanmar_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Myanmar and weapons of mass destruction">Myanmar</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Philippines and weapons of mass destruction">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Poland and weapons of mass destruction">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction">Rhodesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Romania and weapons of mass destruction">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Russia</a> (<a href="Soviet_biological_weapons_program" title="Soviet biological weapons program">Soviet Union</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Saudi_Arabia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Islero" title="Project Islero">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Sweden and weapons of mass destruction">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Switzerland and weapons of mass destruction">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkey_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Turkey and weapons of mass destruction">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslavia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Yugoslavia and weapons of mass destruction">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;">

Proliferation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_weapon_proliferation" title="Chemical weapon proliferation">Chemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">Missiles</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;">

Treaties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">List of treaties</a> (<a href="List_of_parties_to_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treaties">treaty parties</a>)</li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:2px solid lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.35em;border-bottom:2px solid lightsteelblue;">

<ul><li> Category</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the performance of <a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and the effects of <a href="Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">their explosion</a>. <a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Over 2,000 nuclear weapons tests</a> have been carried out since 1945. Nuclear testing is a sensitive political issue. Governments have often performed tests to signal strength. Because of their destruction and <a href="Fallout" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallout">fallout</a>, testing has seen opposition by civilians as well as governments, with international bans having been agreed on. Thousands of tests have been performed, with most in the second half of the 20th century.

The first nuclear device was detonated as a test by the United States at the <a href="Trinity_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity site">Trinity site</a> in <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> on July 16, 1945, with a yield approximately <a href="TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">equivalent</a> to 20 <a href="Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kilotons</a> of <a href="TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>. The first <a href="Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a> technology test of an engineered device, codenamed <a href="Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a>, was tested at the <a href="Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a> in the <a href="Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> on November 1, 1952 (local date), also by the United States. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the <a href="Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">Tsar Bomba</a> of the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at <a href="Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> on October 30, 1961, with the largest yield ever seen, an estimated 50–58 <a href="TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons</a>.

With the advent of nuclear technology and its increasingly global fallout an <a href="Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a> formed and in 1963, three (UK, US, Soviet Union) of the then four nuclear states and many non-nuclear states signed the <a href="Limited_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Test Ban Treaty">Limited Test Ban Treaty</a>, pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. The treaty permitted <a href="Underground_nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground nuclear testing">underground nuclear testing</a>. <a href="France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France</a> continued atmospheric testing until 1974, and <a href="China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">China</a> continued until 1980. Neither has signed the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

Underground tests conducted by the Soviet Union continued until 1990, the United Kingdom until 1991, the United States until 1992, and both China and France until 1996. In signing the <a href="Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> in 1996, these countries pledged to discontinue all nuclear testing; the treaty has not yet entered into force because of its failure to be ratified by eight countries. Non-signatories <a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India</a> and <a href="Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan</a> last tested nuclear weapons in 1998. <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> conducted <a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_North_Korea" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea">nuclear tests</a> in <a href="2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">2006</a>, <a href="2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">2009</a>, <a href="2013_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2013 North Korean nuclear test">2013</a>, <a href="January_2016_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="January 2016 North Korean nuclear test">January 2016</a>, <a href="September_2016_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="September 2016 North Korean nuclear test">September 2016</a> and 2017. The <a href="2017_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2017 North Korean nuclear test">most recent confirmed nuclear test</a> occurred in September 2017 in North Korea.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

Nuclear weapons tests have historically been divided into four categories reflecting the medium or location of the test.

<ul><li>Atmospheric testing involves explosions that take place in the <a href="Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>. Generally, these have occurred as devices detonated on <a href="Bomb_tower" title="Bomb tower">towers</a>, balloons, barges, or islands, or dropped from airplanes, and some only buried far enough to intentionally create a surface-breaking crater. The United States, the Soviet Union, and China have all conducted tests involving explosions of missile-launched warheads (See <a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests#Tests_of_live_warheads_on_rockets" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">List of nuclear weapons tests#Tests of live warheads on rockets</a>). Nuclear explosions close enough to the ground to draw dirt and debris into their <a href="Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> can generate large amounts of <a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> due to <a href="Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> of the debris (particularly with <a href="Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a>) as well as <a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> of otherwise non-radioactive material. This definition of atmospheric is used in the <a href="Limited_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Test Ban Treaty">Limited Test Ban Treaty</a>, which banned this class of testing along with exoatmospheric and underwater.</li>

<li>Underground testing is conducted under the surface of the earth, at varying depths. <a href="Underground_nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground nuclear testing">Underground nuclear testing</a> made up the majority of nuclear tests by the United States and the Soviet Union during the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>; other forms of nuclear testing were banned by the <a href="Limited_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Test Ban Treaty">Limited Test Ban Treaty</a> in 1963. True underground tests are intended to be fully contained and emit a negligible amount of fallout. Unfortunately these nuclear tests do occasionally "vent" to the surface, producing from nearly none to considerable amounts of radioactive debris as a consequence. Underground testing, almost by definition, causes <a href="Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> activity of a magnitude that depends on the <a href="Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">yield</a> of the nuclear device and the composition of the medium in which it is detonated, and generally creates a <a href="Subsidence_crater" title="Subsidence crater">subsidence crater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In 1976, the United States and the USSR agreed to limit the maximum yield of underground tests to 150 <a href="Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kt</a> with the <a href="Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a>. Underground testing also falls into two physical categories: tunnel tests in generally horizontal tunnel drifts, and shaft tests in vertically drilled holes.</li>

<li>Exoatmospheric testing is conducted above the atmosphere. The test devices are lifted on rockets. These <a href="High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude nuclear explosions</a> can generate a <a href="Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse" title="Nuclear electromagnetic pulse">nuclear electromagnetic pulse</a> (NEMP) when they occur in the <a href="Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, and charged particles resulting from the blast can cross hemispheres following <a href="Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">geomagnetic lines of force</a> to create an auroral display.</li>

<li>Underwater testing involves nuclear devices being <a href="Underwater_explosion" title="Underwater explosion">detonated underwater</a>, usually moored to a ship or a barge (which is subsequently destroyed by the explosion). Tests of this nature have usually been conducted to evaluate the effects of nuclear weapons against naval vessels (such as in <a href="Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a>), or to evaluate potential sea-based nuclear weapons (such as <a href="Nuclear_torpedo" title="Nuclear torpedo">nuclear torpedoes</a> or <a href="Nuclear_depth_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear depth charge">depth charges</a>). Underwater tests close to the surface can disperse large amounts of radioactive particles in water and steam, contaminating nearby ships or structures, though they generally do not create fallout other than very locally to the explosion.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvo_tests">Salvo tests</h3></div>

Another way to classify nuclear tests is by the number of explosions that constitute the test. The treaty definition of a salvo test is:

<blockquote>In conformity with treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union, a salvo is defined, for multiple explosions for peaceful purposes, as two or more separate explosions where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points, and the total length does not exceed 40 kilometers. For nuclear weapon tests, a salvo is defined as two or more underground nuclear explosions conducted at a test site within an area delineated by a circle having a diameter of two kilometers and conducted within a total period of time of 0.1 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></blockquote>

The USSR has exploded up to eight devices in a single salvo test; Pakistan's second and last official test exploded four different devices. Almost all lists in the literature are lists of tests; in the lists in Wikipedia (for example, <a href="Operation_Cresset" title="Operation Cresset">Operation Cresset</a> has separate items for Cremino and Caerphilly, which together constitute a single test), the lists are of explosions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div>

Separately from these designations, nuclear tests are also often categorized by the purpose of the test itself.

<ul><li>Weapons-related tests are designed to garner information about how (and if) the weapons themselves work. Some serve to develop and validate a specific weapon type. Others test experimental concepts or are physics experiments meant to gain fundamental knowledge of the processes and materials involved in nuclear detonations.</li>

<li>Weapons effects tests are designed to gain information about the effects of the weapons on structures, equipment, organisms, and the environment. They are mainly used to assess and improve survivability to nuclear explosions in civilian and military contexts, tailor weapons to their targets, and develop the tactics of nuclear warfare.</li>

<li>Safety experiments are designed to study the behavior of weapons in simulated accident scenarios. In particular, they are used to verify that a (significant) nuclear detonation cannot happen by accident. They include one-point safety tests and simulations of storage and transportation accidents.</li>

<li>Nuclear test detection experiments are designed to improve the capabilities to detect, locate, and identify nuclear detonations, in particular, to monitor compliance with test-ban treaties. In the United States these tests are associated with Operation <a href="Vela_Uniform" title="Vela Uniform">Vela Uniform</a> before the <a href="Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty</a> stopped all nuclear testing among signatories.</li>

<li><a href="Peaceful_nuclear_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful nuclear explosions">Peaceful nuclear explosions</a> were conducted to investigate non-military applications of nuclear explosives. In the United States, these were performed under the umbrella name of <a href="Operation_Plowshare" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Plowshare">Operation Plowshare</a>.</li></ul>

Aside from these technical considerations, tests have been conducted for political and training purposes, and can often serve multiple purposes.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_to_full-scale_testing">Alternatives to full-scale testing</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Stockpile_stewardship" title="Stockpile stewardship">Stockpile stewardship</a></div>

Since the 1996 <a href="Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a>, "nuclear explosions" of all kinds are banned. Nuclear nations have invested in many alternatives to maintain confidence in weapon capability:

<ul><li><a href="Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Computer simulation</a> is used extensively to provide as much information as possible without physical testing. Mathematical models for such simulation model scenarios not only of performance but also of <a href="Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> and <a href="Maintenance" title="Maintenance">maintenance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scoles-2023-04-20-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-2011-5">[5]</a> A theme has generally been that even though simulations cannot fully replace physical testing, they can reduce the amount of it that is necessary.<a href="#cite_note-AP-2006-10-18-6">[6]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Physical testing

<ul><li>Materials testing

<ul><li>Subcritical (or cold) tests involving fissile materials and <a href="High_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosives">high explosives</a> that purposely result in no <a href="Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">yield</a>. The name refers to the lack of creation of a <a href="Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> of fissile material. Subcritical tests continue to be performed by the United States, Russia, and the People's Republic of China, at least.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li>

<li>Proxy isotope testing: high temperature/density/pressure compression testing of non-fissile isotopes such as <a href="Plutonium-242" title="Plutonium-242">plutonium-242</a> or <a href="Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>, to determine a bomb core's relevant <a href="Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">equation of state</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li>Fission testing

<ul><li><a href="Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">Critical mass</a> experiments studying fissile material compositions, densities, geometries, and <a href="Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">reflectors</a>. They can be subcritical or supercritical, in which case significant radiation fluxes can be produced. This type of test has resulted in several <a href="Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">criticality accidents</a>.</li>

<li>Hydronuclear tests (hydrodynamical + nuclear) study nuclear materials under the conditions of explosive shock compression. They can create subcritical conditions, or supercritical conditions with yields ranging from negligible all the way up to a substantial fraction of full weapon yield.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Any fission yield is considered banned by the CTBT.</li></ul></li>

<li>Fusion testing: <a href="Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a> experiments using lasers, like the <a href="National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a>, or magnetized liners, like the <a href="Z_Pulsed_Power_Facility" title="Z Pulsed Power Facility">Z Pulsed Power Facility</a>, or projectile compression. They study the plasma physics and <a href="Fusion_ignition" title="Fusion ignition">ignition</a> of deuterium-tritium mixtures.</li></ul></li></ul>

Subcritical tests executed by the United States include:<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<caption>Subcritical Tests

</caption>

<th style="background:#efefef;">Name

</th>

<th style="background:#efdead;">Date Time (<a href="Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a>)

</th>

<th style="background:#efefef;">Location

</th>

<th style="background:#efdead;">Elevation + Height

</th>

<th style="background:#efefef;">Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>A series of 50 tests

</th>

<td>January 1, 1960

</td>

<td><a href="Los_Alamos_National_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos National Lab">Los Alamos National Lab</a> Test Area 49 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:35.82289,-106.30216">35°49′22″N 106°18′08″W / 35.82289°N 106.30216°W / 35.82289; -106.30216</a>

</td>

<td>2,183 metres (7,162 ft) and 20 metres (66 ft)

</td>

<td>Series of 50 tests during US/USSR joint nuclear test ban.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Odyssey

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Trumpet

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Kismet

</th>

<td>March 1, 1995

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 293 metres (961 ft)

</td>

<td>Kismet was a proof of concept for modern hydronuclear tests; it did not contain any SNM (Special Nuclear Material—plutonium or uranium).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Rebound

</th>

<td>July 2, 1997 10:—:—

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 293 metres (961 ft)

</td>

<td>Provided information on the behavior of new plutonium alloys compressed by high-pressure shock waves; same as Stagecoach but for the age of the alloys.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Holog

</th>

<td>September 18, 1997

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Holog and Clarinet may have switched locations.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Stagecoach

</th>

<td>March 25, 1998

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Provided information on the behavior of aged (up to 40 years) plutonium alloys compressed by high-pressure shock waves.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Bagpipe

</th>

<td>September 26, 1998

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Cimarron

</th>

<td>December 11, 1998

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Plutonium surface ejecta studies.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Clarinet

</th>

<td>February 9, 1999

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Holog and Clarinet may have switched places on the map.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe

</th>

<td>September 30, 1999

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 2

</th>

<td>November 9, 1999

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 3

</th>

<td>February 3, 2000

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Thoroughbred

</th>

<td>March 22, 2000

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Plutonium surface ejecta studies, followup to Cimarron.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 4

</th>

<td>April 6, 2000

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 5

</th>

<td>August 18, 2000

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 6

</th>

<td>December 14, 2000

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 8

</th>

<td>September 26, 2001

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 7

</th>

<td>December 13, 2001

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Oboe 9

</th>

<td>June 7, 2002 21:46:—

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Mario

</th>

<td>August 29, 2002 19:00:—

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Plutonium surface studies (optical analysis of spall). Used wrought plutonium from Rocky Flats.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Rocco

</th>

<td>September 26, 2002 19:00:—

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Plutonium surface studies (optical analysis of spall), followup to Mario. Used cast plutonium from Los Alamos.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Piano

</th>

<td>September 19, 2003 20:44:—

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Armando

</th>

<td>May 25, 2004

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 290 metres (950 ft)

</td>

<td>Plutonium spall measurements using x-ray analysis.<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Step Wedge

</th>

<td>April 1, 2005

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>April–May 2005, a series of mini-hydronuclear experiments interpreting Armando results.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Unicorn

</th>

<td>August 31, 2006 01:00:—

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>"...confirm nuclear performance of the W88 warhead with a newly-manufactured pit." Early pit studies.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Thermos

</th>

<td>January 1, 2007

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>February 6 – May 3, 2007, 12 mini-hydronuclear experiments in thermos-sized flasks.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Bacchus

</th>

<td>September 16, 2010

</td>

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Barolo A

</th>

<td>December 1, 2010

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Barolo B

</th>

<td>February 2, 2011

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Castor

</th>

<td>September 1, 2012

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>Not even a subcritical, contained no plutonium; a dress rehearsal for Pollux.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Pollux

</th>

<td>December 5, 2012

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>A subcritical test with a scaled-down warhead mockup.<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Leda

</th>

<td>June 15, 2014

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>Like Castor, the plutonium was replaced by a surrogate; this is a dress rehearsal for the later Lydia. The target was a weapons pit mock-up.<a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Lydia

</th>

<td>??-??-2015

</td>

<td>1,222 metres (4,009 ft) and 190 metres (620 ft)

</td>

<td>Expected to be a plutonium subcritical test with a scaled-down warhead mockup.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Vega

</th>

<td>December 13, 2017

</td>

<td>Nevada test site

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Plutonium subcritical test with a scaled down warhead mockup.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Ediza

</th>

<td>February 13, 2019

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Plutonium subcritical test designed to confirm supercomputer simulations for stockpile safety.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Nightshade A

</th>

<td>November 2020

</td>

<td>Nevada test site

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Plutonium subcritical test designed to measure ejecta emission.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development" title="Timeline of nuclear weapons development">Timeline of nuclear weapons development</a></div>

<caption>Notable nuclear explosions

</caption>

<th>Significance

</th>

<th>Country

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Date

</th>

<th>Yield

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>First plutonium test

</td>

<td rowspan="2"> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">July 16, 1945

</td>

<td rowspan="2">25 kt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First implosion test

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First uranium bomb

</td>

<td rowspan="2"> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">August 6, 1945

</td>

<td rowspan="2">15 kt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First gun-type bomb

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First <a href="Fusion_boosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion boosting">thermonuclear boosting</a>

</td>

<td> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Greenhouse_George" title="Greenhouse George">Greenhouse George</a>

</td>

<td>May 8, 1951

</td>

<td>225 kt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First underground test

</td>

<td> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle" title="Operation Buster–Jangle">Buster–Jangle Uncle</a>

</td>

<td>November 29, 1951

</td>

<td>1.2 kt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First <a href="Teller-Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">Teller-Ulam</a> test

</td>

<td rowspan="2"> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">November 1, 1952

</td>

<td rowspan="2">10.4 Mt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First cryogenic deuterium test

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First deliverable thermonuclear test

</td>

<td rowspan="2"> <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">August 12, 1953

</td>

<td rowspan="2">400 kt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First solid-fuelled thermonuclear test

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First exoatmospheric test

</td>

<td> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">Argus I</a>

</td>

<td>August 27, 1958

</td>

<td>1.7 kt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Most recent atmospheric test

</td>

<td> <a href="China" title="China">China</a>

</td>

<td><a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_China" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of China">1980 Chinese nuclear test</a>

</td>

<td>October 16, 1980

</td>

<td>1 Mt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Most recent test

</td>

<td> <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>

</td>

<td><a href="2017_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2017 North Korean nuclear test">2017 North Korean nuclear test</a>

</td>

<td>September 3, 2017

</td>

<td>50-300 kt

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The first atomic weapons test was conducted near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, during the <a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, and given the codename "<a href="Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity</a>". The test was originally to confirm that the implosion-type <a href="Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">nuclear weapon design</a> was feasible, and to give an idea of what the actual size and effects of a <a href="Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">nuclear explosion</a> would be before they were used in combat against Japan. The test gave a good approximation of many of the explosion's effects, but did not give an appreciable understanding of <a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>, which was not well understood by the project scientists until well after the <a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.

The United States conducted six atomic tests before the Soviet Union developed their first atomic bomb (<a href="RDS-1" title="RDS-1">RDS-1</a>) and tested it on August 29, 1949. Neither country had very many atomic weapons to spare at first, and so testing was relatively infrequent (when the US used two weapons for <a href="Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> in 1946, they were detonating over 20% of their current arsenal). By the 1950s the United States had established a dedicated test site on its own territory (<a href="Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>) and was also using a site in the <a href="Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> (<a href="Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a>) for extensive atomic and nuclear testing.

The early tests were used primarily to discern the military effects of atomic weapons (Crossroads had involved the effect of atomic weapons on a navy, and how they functioned underwater) and to test new weapon designs. During the 1950s, these included new hydrogen bomb designs, which were tested in the Pacific, and also new and improved fission weapon designs. The Soviet Union also began testing on a limited scale, primarily in <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. During the later phases of the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, both countries developed accelerated testing programs, testing many hundreds of bombs over the last half of the 20th century.

Atomic and nuclear tests can involve many hazards. Some of these were illustrated in the US <a href="Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a> test in 1954. The weapon design tested was a new form of hydrogen bomb, and the scientists underestimated how vigorously some of the weapon materials would react. As a result, the explosion—with a <a href="Nuclear_weapons_yield" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons yield">yield</a> of 15 <a href="TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">Mt</a>—was over twice what was predicted. Aside from this problem, the weapon also generated a large amount of radioactive <a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>, more than had been anticipated, and a change in the weather pattern caused the fallout to spread in a direction not cleared in advance. The fallout plume spread high levels of radiation for over 100 miles (160 km), contaminating populated islands in nearby atoll formations. Though they were soon evacuated, many of the islands' inhabitants suffered from radiation burns and later from other effects such as increased cancer rate and birth defects, as did the crew of the Japanese fishing boat <a href="Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru" title="Daigo Fukuryū Maru">Daigo Fukuryū Maru</a>. One crewman died from radiation sickness after returning to port, and it was feared that the radioactive fish they had been carrying had made it into the Japanese food supply.

Castle Bravo was the worst US nuclear accident, but many of its component problems—unpredictably large yields, changing weather patterns, unexpected fallout <a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">contamination</a> of populations and the food supply—occurred during other atmospheric nuclear weapons tests by other countries as well. Concerns over worldwide fallout rates eventually led to the <a href="Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> in 1963, which limited signatories to underground testing. Not all countries stopped atmospheric testing, but because the United States and the Soviet Union were responsible for roughly 86% of all nuclear tests, their compliance cut the overall level substantially. France continued atmospheric testing until 1974, and China until 1980.

A tacit moratorium on testing was in effect from 1958 to 1961 and ended with a series of Soviet tests in late 1961, including the <a href="Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">Tsar Bomba</a>, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested. The United States responded in 1962 with <a href="Operation_Dominic" title="Operation Dominic">Operation Dominic</a>, involving dozens of tests, including the explosion of a missile launched from a submarine.

Almost all new nuclear powers have announced their possession of nuclear weapons with a nuclear test. The only acknowledged nuclear power that claims never to have conducted a test was South Africa (although see <a href="Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a>), which has since dismantled all of its weapons. Israel is widely thought to possess a sizable nuclear arsenal, though it has never tested, unless they were involved in Vela. Experts disagree on whether states can have reliable nuclear arsenals—especially ones using advanced warhead designs, such as hydrogen bombs and miniaturized weapons—without testing, though all agree that it is very unlikely to develop significant nuclear innovations without testing. One other approach is to use <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> to conduct "virtual" testing, but codes need to be validated against test data.

There have been many attempts to limit the number and size of nuclear tests; the most far-reaching is the <a href="Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty</a> of 1996, which has not, as of 2013, been ratified by eight of the "<a href="Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">Annex 2 countries</a>" required for it to take effect, including the United States. Nuclear testing has since become a controversial issue in the United States, with a number of politicians saying that future testing might be necessary to maintain the aging warheads from the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Because nuclear testing is seen as furthering nuclear arms development, many are opposed to future testing as an acceleration of the arms race.

In <a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">total nuclear test megatonnage</a>, from 1945 to 1992, 520 atmospheric nuclear explosions (including eight underwater) were conducted with a total yield of 545 <a href="TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[19]</a> with a peak occurring in 1961–1962, when 340 megatons were detonated in the atmosphere by the United States and <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> while the estimated number of underground nuclear tests conducted in the period from 1957 to 1992 was 1,352 explosions with a total yield of 90 Mt.<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[19]</a>

<div class="gallerytext">The first atomic test, "<a href="Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity</a>", took place on July 16, 1945.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Sedan_(nuclear_test)" title="Sedan (nuclear test)">Sedan</a> test of 1962 was an experiment by the United States in using nuclear weapons to excavate large amounts of earth.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Kytoon" title="Kytoon">Kytoon</a> balloons were used on Indian Springs Air Force Base, Nevada, April 20, 1952, to get exact weather information during atomic test periods.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yield">Yield</h2></div>

The <a href="Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">yield</a> of atomic and thermonuclear weapons is typically measured in kilotons or megatons <a href="TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNT equivalent</a>. Thermonuclear (fusion/fission by <a href="Teller-Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">Teller-Ulam design</a>) bombs, often mesaured in megatons, can be hundreds of times stronger than their atomic (fission only) counterparts measured only in kilotons.

In the US context, it was decided during the Manhattan Project that yield measured in tons of TNT equivalent could be imprecise. This comes from the range of experimental values of the energy content of TNT, ranging from 900 to 1,100 calories per gram (3,800 to 4,600 J/g). There is also the issue of which ton to use, as short tons, long tons, and metric tonnes all have different values. It was therefore decided that one kiloton would be equivalent to 1×1012 calories (4.2×1012 J) exactly,<a href="#cite_note-contain-25">[21]</a> (the equivalent of 1000 cal/g if the metric tonne were used).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_testing_by_country">Nuclear testing by country</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">List of nuclear weapons tests</a></div>

The nuclear powers have conducted more than 2,000 nuclear test explosions (numbers are approximate, as some test results have been disputed):

<ul><li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> United States: 1,054 tests by official count (involving at least 1,149 devices). 219 were atmospheric tests as defined by the <a href="Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">CTBT</a>. These tests include 904 at the <a href="Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>, 106 at the <a href="Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a> and other locations in the Pacific, 3 in the South Atlantic Ocean, and 17 other tests taking place in <a href="Amchitka" title="Amchitka">Amchitka</a> <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> outside the NNSS (see <a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear weapons and the United States</a> for details). 24 tests are classified as British tests held at the NTS. There were 35 Plowshare detonations and 7 Vela Uniform tests; 88 tests were safety experiments and 4 were transportation/storage tests.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Motion pictures were made of the explosions, later used to validate computer simulation predictions of explosions.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> <a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States' table data</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a> Soviet Union: 715 tests (involving 969 devices) by official count, plus 13 unnumbered test failures.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> Most were at their Southern Test Area at <a href="Semipalatinsk_Test_Site" title="Semipalatinsk Test Site">Semipalatinsk Test Site</a> and the Northern Test Area at <a href="Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>. Others include rocket tests and peaceful-use explosions at various sites in <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. <a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union's table data</a>.</li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> United Kingdom: 45 tests, of which 12 were in <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> territory, including three at the <a href="Montebello_Islands" title="Montebello Islands">Montebello Islands</a> and nine in mainland <a href="South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> at <a href="British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">Maralinga</a> and Emu Field,<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> 9 at <a href="Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Christmas Island (Kiritimati)</a> in the <a href="Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, plus 24 in the United States at the Nevada Test Site <a href="1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement">as part of joint test series</a>).<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> 43 safety tests (the Vixen series) are not included in that number, though safety experiments by other countries are. <a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">The United Kingdom's summary table</a>.</li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> France: 210 tests by official count (50 atmospheric, 160 underground<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a>), four atomic atmospheric tests at C.S.E.M. near <a href="Reggane" title="Reggane">Reggane</a>, 13 atomic underground tests at C.E.M.O. near <a href="In_Ekker" class="mw-redirect" title="In Ekker">In Ekker</a> in the French <a href="Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> <a href="Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, and nuclear atmospheric and underground tests at and around <a href="Fangataufa" title="Fangataufa">Fangataufa</a> and <a href="Moruroa" title="Moruroa">Moruroa</a> Atolls in <a href="French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. Four of the In Ekker tests are counted as peaceful use, as they were reported as part of the CET's APEX (Application pacifique des expérimentations nucléaires, “Peaceful Application of Nuclear Experiments”), and given alternate names. <a href="France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France's summary table</a>.</li>

<li><a href="China" title="China"></a> China: 45 tests (23 atmospheric and 22 underground), at <a href="Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nur</a> Nuclear Weapons Test Base, in Malan, <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> There are two additional unnumbered failed tests. <a href="China's_nuclear_test_series" class="mw-redirect" title="China's nuclear test series">China's summary table</a>.</li>

<li><a href="India" title="India"></a> India: Six underground explosions (including the first one in 1974), at <a href="Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a>. <a href="India's_nuclear_testing_series" class="mw-redirect" title="India's nuclear testing series">India's summary table</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan"></a> Pakistan: Six underground explosions at <a href="Ras_Koh_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Koh Hills">Ras Koh Hills</a> and the <a href="Chagai_District" title="Chagai District">Chagai District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> <a href="Pakistan's_nuclear_testing_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's nuclear testing series">Pakistan's summary table</a>.</li>

<li><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea"></a> North Korea: North Korea is the only country in the world that still tests nuclear weapons, and their tests have caused <a href="2017-2018_North_Korea_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017-2018 North Korea crisis">escalating tensions between them and the United States</a>. Their most recent nuclear test was on <a href="2017_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2017 North Korean nuclear test">September 3, 2017</a>. <a href="North_Korea's_nuclear_testing_series" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea's nuclear testing series">North Korea's summary table</a></li></ul>

There may also have been at least three alleged but unacknowledged nuclear explosions (see <a href="List_of_nuclear_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear tests">list of alleged nuclear tests</a>) including the <a href="Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a>.

From the first nuclear test in 1945 until tests by Pakistan in 1998, there was never a period of more than 22 months with no nuclear testing. June 1998 to October 2006 was the longest period since 1945 with no acknowledged nuclear tests.

A summary table of all the nuclear testing that has happened since 1945 is here: <a href="Worldwide_nuclear_testing_counts_and_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide nuclear testing counts and summary">Worldwide nuclear testing counts and summary</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_fallout">Global fallout</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Nuclear_fallout#Global_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout § Global fallout</a></div>

Nuclear weapons testing did not produce scenarios like <a href="Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a> as a result of a scenario of a concentrated number of nuclear explosions in a <a href="Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>, but the thousands of tests, hundreds being atmospheric, did nevertheless produce a global fallout that peaked in 1963 (the <a href="Bomb_pulse" title="Bomb pulse">bomb pulse</a>), reaching levels of about 0.15 <a href="MSv" class="mw-redirect" title="MSv">mSv</a> per year worldwide, or about 7% of average <a href="Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiation</a> dose from all sources, and has slowly decreased since,<a href="#cite_note-t904-38">[34]</a> with natural environmental radiation levels being around 1 <a href="MSv" class="mw-redirect" title="MSv">mSv</a>. This global fallout was one of the main drivers for the ban of nuclear weapons testing, particularly atmospheric testing. It has been estimated that by 2020 between to 200,000 to 460,000 people have died as a result of nuclear weapons testing, while the total number of deaths may rise up to 2.4 million people.<a href="#cite_note-s257-39">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

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Nuclear arms tests have been criticized for its <a href="Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a><a href="#cite_note-l904-40">[36]</a> and its fallout,<a href="#cite_note-c705-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-s018-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-u678-43">[39]</a> with a potentially global fallout.

Nuclear weapons tests have been criticized by <a href="Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear activists</a> as nuclear imperialism, colonialism,<a href="#cite_note-u485-44">[40]</a> <a href="Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>, <a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a> and <a href="Nuclear_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear genocide">nuclear genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j999-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-b190-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-w082-47">[43]</a>

The movement gained particularly in the 1960s and in the 1980s again.

The international day "End Nuclear Tests Day" raises critical awareness annually.<a href="#cite_note-t465-48">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaties_against_testing">Treaties against testing</h2></div>

There are many existing anti-nuclear explosion treaties, notably the <a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> and the <a href="Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a>. These treaties were proposed in response to growing international concerns about environmental damage among other risks. Nuclear testing involving humans also contributed to the formation of these treaties. Examples can be seen in the following articles:

<ul><li><a href="Desert_Rock_exercises" title="Desert Rock exercises">Desert Rock exercises</a></li>

<li><a href="Totskoye_range_nuclear_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Totskoye range nuclear tests">Totskoye range nuclear tests</a></li></ul>

The Partial Nuclear Test Ban treaty makes it illegal to detonate any nuclear explosion anywhere except underground, in order to reduce atmospheric fallout. Most countries have signed and ratified the Partial Nuclear Test Ban, which went into effect in October 1963. Of the nuclear states, France, China, and North Korea have never signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a>

The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions everywhere, including underground. For that purpose, the <a href="Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization_Preparatory_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission">Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization</a> is building an international monitoring system with 337 facilities located all over the globe. 85% of these facilities are already operational.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> As of May 2012, the CTBT has been signed by 183 States, of which 157 have also ratified. For the Treaty to enter into force it needs to be ratified by 44 specific nuclear technology-holder countries. These "Annex 2 States" participated in the negotiations on the CTBT between 1994 and 1996 and possessed nuclear power or research reactors at that time. The ratification of eight Annex 2 states is still missing: China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States have signed but not ratified the Treaty; India, North Korea and Pakistan have not signed it.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a>

The following is a list of the treaties applicable to nuclear testing:

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Agreement date

</th>

<th>In force date

</th>

<th>In effect today?

</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Unilateral USSR ban

</th>

<td>March 31, 1958

</td>

<td>March 31, 1958

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>USSR unilaterally stops testing provided the West does as well.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Bilateral testing ban

</th>

<td>August 2, 1958

</td>

<td>October 31, 1958

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>USA agrees; ban begins on 31 October 1958, 3 November 1958 for the Soviets, and lasts until abrogated by a USSR test on 1 September 1961.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty System</a>

</th>

<td>December 1, 1959

</td>

<td>June 23, 1961

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans testing of all kinds in Antarctica.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> (PTBT)

</th>

<td>August 5, 1963

</td>

<td>October 10, 1963

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Ban on all but underground testing.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>

</th>

<td>January 27, 1967

</td>

<td>October 10, 1967

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans testing on the moon and other celestial bodies.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Treaty_of_Tlatelolco" title="Treaty of Tlatelolco">Treaty of Tlatelolco</a>

</th>

<td>February 14, 1967

</td>

<td>April 22, 1968

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans testing in South America and the Caribbean Sea Islands.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Nuclear_Non-proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty</a>

</th>

<td>January 1, 1968

</td>

<td>March 5, 1970

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans the proliferation of nuclear technology to non-nuclear nations.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty" title="Seabed Arms Control Treaty">Seabed Arms Control Treaty</a>

</th>

<td>February 11, 1971

</td>

<td>May 18, 1972

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans emplacement of nuclear weapons on the ocean floor outside territorial waters.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty</a> (SALT I)

</th>

<td>January 1, 1972

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>A five-year ban on installing launchers.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>

</th>

<td>May 26, 1972

</td>

<td>August 3, 1972

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Restricts ABM development; additional protocol added in 1974; abrogated by the US in 2002.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War</a>

</th>

<td>June 22, 1973

</td>

<td>June 22, 1973

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Promises to make all efforts to promote security and peace.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a>

</th>

<td>July 1, 1974

</td>

<td>December 11, 1990

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Prohibits higher than 150 kt for underground testing.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Peaceful_Nuclear_Explosions_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty">Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty</a> (PNET)

</th>

<td>January 1, 1976

</td>

<td>December 11, 1990

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Prohibits higher than 150 kt, or 1500kt in aggregate, testing for peaceful purposes.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a>

</th>

<td>January 1, 1979

</td>

<td>January 1, 1984

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Bans use and emplacement of nuclear weapons on the moon and other celestial bodies.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty</a> (SALT II)

</th>

<td>June 18, 1979

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Limits strategic arms. Kept but not ratified by the US, abrogated in 1986.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Treaty_of_Rarotonga" title="Treaty of Rarotonga">Treaty of Rarotonga</a>

</th>

<td>August 6, 1985

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>?

</td>

<td>Bans nuclear weapons in South Pacific Ocean and islands. US never ratified.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Intermediate_Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a> (INF)

</th>

<td>December 8, 1987

</td>

<td>June 1, 1988

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Eliminated Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs). Implemented by 1 June 1991. Both sides alleged the other was in violation of the treaty. Expired following US withdrawal, 2 August 2019.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a>

</th>

<td>November 19, 1990

</td>

<td>July 17, 1992

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans categories of weapons, including conventional, from Europe. Russia notified signatories of intent to suspend, 14 July 2007.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="START_I" title="START I">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I)</a>

</th>

<td>July 31, 1991

</td>

<td>December 5, 1994

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>35-40% reduction in ICBMs with verification. Treaty expired 5 December 2009, renewed (see below).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a>

</th>

<td>March 24, 1992

</td>

<td>January 1, 2002

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Allows for unencumbered surveillance over all signatories.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>US unilateral testing moratorium

</th>

<td>October 2, 1992

</td>

<td>October 2, 1992

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>George. H. W. Bush declares unilateral ban on nuclear testing.<a href="#cite_note-armscontrol-ctbt-52">[48]</a> Extended several times, not yet abrogated.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="START_II" title="START II">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II)</a>

</th>

<td>January 3, 1993

</td>

<td>January 1, 2002

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Deep reductions in ICBMs. Abrogated by Russia in 2002 in retaliation of US abrogation of ABM Treaty.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Southeast_Asian_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty" title="Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty">Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty</a> (Treaty of Bangkok)

</th>

<td>December 15, 1995

</td>

<td>March 28, 1997

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans nuclear weapons from southeast Asia.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="African_Nuclear_Weapon_Free_Zone_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty">African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty</a> (Pelindaba Treaty)

</th>

<td>January 1, 1996

</td>

<td>July 16, 2009

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Bans nuclear weapons in Africa.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> (CTBT)

</th>

<td>September 10, 1996

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>yes (effectively)

</td>

<td>Bans all nuclear testing, peaceful and otherwise. Strong detection and verification mechanism (<a href="CTBTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CTBTO">CTBTO</a>). US has signed and adheres to the treaty, though has not ratified it.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Treaty_on_Strategic_Offensive_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions">Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions</a> (SORT, Treaty of Moscow)

</th>

<td>May 24, 2002

</td>

<td>June 1, 2003

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Reduces warheads to 1700–2200 in ten years. Expired, replaced by START II.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="START_I" title="START I">START I</a> treaty renewal

</th>

<td>April 8, 2010

</td>

<td>January 26, 2011

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>Same provisions as START I.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compensation_for_victims">Compensation for victims</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">Environmental impact of war</a></div>

Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980. As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the <a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>, various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard. A <a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>/ <a href="National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> study claims that nuclear fallout might have led to approximately 11,000 excess deaths, most caused by <a href="Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid cancer</a> linked to exposure to <a href="Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a>

<ul><li>United States: Prior to March 2009, the US was the only nation to compensate nuclear test victims. Since the <a href="Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a> of 1990, more than $1.38 billion in compensation has been approved. The money is going to people who took part in the tests, notably at the <a href="Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>, and to others exposed to the radiation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> As of 2017, the US government refused to pay for the medical care of troops who associate their health problems with the construction of <a href="Runit_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Runit Dome">Runit Dome</a> in the Marshall Islands.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a></li>

<li>France: In March 2009, the French Government offered to compensate victims for the first time and legislation is being drafted which would allow payments to people who suffered health problems related to the tests.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> The payouts would be available to victims' descendants and would include Algerians, who were exposed to nuclear testing in the Sahara in 1960. Victims say the eligibility requirements for compensation are too narrow.</li>

<li>United Kingdom: There is no formal British government compensation program. Nearly 1,000 veterans of <a href="Christmas_Island_(Kiritimati)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Island (Kiritimati)">Christmas Island nuclear tests</a> in the 1950s are engaged in legal action against the Ministry of Defense for negligence. They say they suffered health problems and were not warned of potential dangers before the experiments.</li>

<li>Russia: Decades later, Russia offered compensation to veterans who were part of the <a href="Totskoye_nuclear_exercise" title="Totskoye nuclear exercise">1954 Totsk test</a>. There was no compensation to civilians sickened by the Totsk test. Anti-nuclear groups say there has been no government compensation for other nuclear tests.</li>

<li>China: China has undertaken highly secretive atomic tests in remote deserts in a Central Asian border province. Anti-nuclear activists say there is no known government program for compensating victims.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milestone_nuclear_explosions">Milestone nuclear explosions</h2></div>

The following list is of milestone nuclear explosions. In addition to the <a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, the first nuclear test of a given weapon type for a country is included, as well as tests that were otherwise notable (such as the largest test ever). All yields (explosive power) are given in their estimated energy equivalents in kilotons of <a href="Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> (see <a href="TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNT equivalent</a>). <a href="List_of_nuclear_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear tests">Putative tests</a> (like <a href="Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a>) have not been included.

<th>Date

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a> (kt)</div>

</th>

<th>Country

</th>

<th class="unsortable">Significance

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1945-07-16)July 16, 1945

</td>

<td><a href="Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity</a>

</td>

<td>18–20

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>First fission-device test, first plutonium implosion detonation.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1945-08-06)August 6, 1945

</td>

<td><a href="Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>

</td>

<td>12–18

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombing</a> of <a href="Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, first detonation of a uranium gun-type device, first use of a nuclear device in combat.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1945-08-09)August 9, 1945

</td>

</td>

<td>18–23

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombing</a> of <a href="Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, second detonation of a plutonium implosion device (the first being the Trinity Test), second and last use of a nuclear device in combat.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1949-08-29)August 29, 1949

</td>

</td>

<td>22

</td>

<td><a href="Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet Union</a>

</td>

<td>First fission-weapon test by the Soviet Union.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1951-05-08)May 8, 1951

</td>

<td><a href="Operation_Greenhouse" title="Operation Greenhouse">George</a>

</td>

<td>225

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>First boosted nuclear weapon test, first weapon test to employ fusion in any measure.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1952-10-03)October 3, 1952

</td>

<td><a href="Operation_Hurricane" title="Operation Hurricane">Hurricane</a>

</td>

<td>25

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</td>

<td>First fission weapon test by the United Kingdom.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1952-11-01)November 1, 1952

</td>

</td>

<td>10,400

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>First "<a href="Nuclear_weapon_design#Two-stage_thermonuclear_weapons" title="Nuclear weapon design">staged</a>" thermonuclear weapon, with cryogenic fusion fuel, primarily a test device and not weaponized.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1952-11-16)November 16, 1952

</td>

</td>

<td>500

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Largest pure-fission weapon ever tested.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1953-08-12)August 12, 1953

</td>

</td>

<td>400

</td>

<td><a href="Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet Union</a>

</td>

<td>First fusion-weapon test by the Soviet Union (not "staged").

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1954-03-01)March 1, 1954

</td>

<td><a href="Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a>

</td>

<td>15,000

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>First "staged" thermonuclear weapon using dry fusion fuel. A serious <a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> accident occurred. Largest nuclear detonation conducted by United States.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1955-11-22)November 22, 1955

</td>

</td>

<td>1,600

</td>

<td><a href="Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet Union</a>

</td>

<td>First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the Soviet Union (deployable).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1957-05-31)May 31, 1957

</td>

<td><a href="Orange_Herald" title="Orange Herald">Orange Herald</a>

</td>

<td>720

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</td>

<td>Largest boosted fission weapon ever tested. Intended as a fallback "in megaton range" in case British thermonuclear development failed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1957-11-08)November 8, 1957

</td>

<td><a href="Operation_Grapple#Grapple_X" title="Operation Grapple">Grapple X</a>

</td>

<td>1,800

</td>

<td><a href="Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</td>

<td>First (successful) "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the United Kingdom

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1960-02-13)February 13, 1960

</td>

<td><a href="Gerboise_Bleue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerboise Bleue">Gerboise Bleue</a>

</td>

<td>70

</td>

<td><a href="France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France</a>

</td>

<td>First fission weapon test by France.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1961-10-31)October 31, 1961

</td>

<td><a href="Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">Tsar Bomba</a>

</td>

<td>50,000

</td>

<td><a href="Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet Union</a>

</td>

<td>Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested—scaled down from its initial 100 Mt design by 50%.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1964-10-16)October 16, 1964

</td>

</td>

<td>22

</td>

<td><a href="People's_Republic_of_China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China and weapons of mass destruction">China</a>

</td>

<td>First fission-weapon test by the People's Republic of China.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1967-06-17)June 17, 1967

</td>

</td>

<td>3,300

</td>

<td><a href="People's_Republic_of_China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China and weapons of mass destruction">China</a>

</td>

<td>First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the People's Republic of China.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1968-08-24)August 24, 1968

</td>

<td><a href="Canopus_(nuclear_test)" title="Canopus (nuclear test)">Canopus</a>

</td>

<td>2,600

</td>

<td><a href="France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France</a>

</td>

<td>First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by France

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1974-05-18)May 18, 1974

</td>

<td><a href="Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a>

</td>

<td>12

</td>

<td><a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India</a>

</td>

<td>First fission nuclear explosive test by India.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1998-05-11)May 11, 1998

</td>

<td><a href="Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a>

</td>

<td>45–50

</td>

<td><a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India</a>

</td>

<td>First potential fusion-boosted weapon test by India; first deployable fission weapon test by India.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(1998-05-28)May 28, 1998

</td>

<td><a href="Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Chagai-I</a>

</td>

<td>40

</td>

<td><a href="Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan</a>

</td>

<td>First fission weapon (boosted) test by Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-pakfas-57">[53]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(2006-10-09)October 9, 2006

</td>

<td><a href="2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">2006 nuclear test</a>

</td>

<td>under 1

</td>

<td><a href="North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea</a>

</td>

<td>First fission-weapon test by North Korea (plutonium-based).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(2017-09-03)September 3, 2017

</td>

<td><a href="2017_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2017 North Korean nuclear test">2017 nuclear test</a>

</td>

<td>200–300

</td>

<td><a href="North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea</a>

</td>

<td>First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test claimed by North Korea.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li>"Staged" refers to whether it was a "true" <a href="Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a> of the so-called <a href="Teller%E2%80%93Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller–Ulam">Teller–Ulam</a> configuration or simply a form of a <a href="Boosted_fission_weapon" title="Boosted fission weapon">boosted fission weapon</a>. For a more complete list of nuclear test series, see <a href="List_of_nuclear_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear tests">List of nuclear tests</a>. Some exact yield estimates, such as that of the <a href="Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">Tsar Bomba</a> and the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, are somewhat contested among specialists.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_focusing" title="Atmospheric focusing">Atmospheric focusing</a> – Type of wave interaction causing shock waves</li>

<li><a href="Atomic_Testing_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Testing Museum">Atomic Testing Museum</a> (in Nevada in the US)</li>

<li><a href="High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">High-altitude nuclear explosion</a> – Nuclear detonations in the upper layers of Earth's atmosphere</li>

<li><a href="Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History of nuclear weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a> – Annual observance on August 29</li>

<li><a href="How_to_Photograph_an_Atomic_Bomb" title="How to Photograph an Atomic Bomb">How to Photograph an Atomic Bomb</a> – 2006 book by Peter Kuran</li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_nuclear_accidents" title="List of military nuclear accidents">List of military nuclear accidents</a> (including nuclear weapons accidents)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">List of states with nuclear weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="Live_fire_exercise" title="Live fire exercise">Live fire exercise</a> – Military exercise using live munitions</li>

<li><a href="National_Technical_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="National Technical Means">National Technical Means</a> – Methods of verification of adherence to international treatiesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li>Nuclear test sites</li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Nuclear ethics</a> – Academic and policy-relevant field on problems in the nuclear weapons and energy complex</li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapons_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons design">Nuclear weapons design</a> – Process by which nuclear WMDs are designed and producedPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Project_Gnome" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Gnome">Project Gnome</a> – 1961 nuclear test explosion in New Mexico, United StatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Rope_trick_effect" title="Rope trick effect">Rope trick effect</a> – "Spikes" emanating from suspended nuclear explosions</li>

<li><a href="Subsidence_crater" title="Subsidence crater">Subsidence crater</a> – Hole or depression left on the surface over the site of an underground explosion</li>

<li><a href="Test_Readiness_Program" title="Test Readiness Program">Test Readiness Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity_and_Beyond" title="Trinity and Beyond">Trinity and Beyond</a> (documentary about nuclear weapon testing)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Universal Time at the <a href="Nevada_National_Security_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada National Security Site">Nevada National Security Site</a> is 8 hours after local time; UT dates are one day after local date for UT times after 16:00.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFUUE5shMLc">A video of the Armando test</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGf4-ZOjyVY">A video of the Pollux test</a> on YouTube

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmsfgRtxbHg">A video of the Leda test</a> on YouTube

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "The Treaty has not been signed by France or by the People's Republic of China." US Department of State, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4797.htm">Limited Test Ban Treaty</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> For a longer and more technical discussion, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<li id="cite_note-auto-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPavlovski1998" class="citation book cs1">Pavlovski, O. A. (1 January 1998). "Radiological Consequences of Nuclear Testing for the Population of the Former USSR (Input Information, Models, Dose, and Risk Estimates)". Atmospheric Nuclear Tests. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 219–260. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03610-5_17">10.1007/978-3-662-03610-5_17</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-08359-4</bdi>.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Gusterson, Hugh. Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996.</li>

<li>Hacker, Barton C. Elements of Controversy: The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1947–1974. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994.</li>

<li>Rice, James. Downwind of the Atomic State: Atmospheric Testing and the Rise of the Risk Society. (New York University Press, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nyupress.org/9781479815340/downwind-of-the-atomic-state/">https://nyupress.org/9781479815340/downwind-of-the-atomic-state/</a></li>

<li>Schwartz, Stephen I. Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.</li>

<li>Weart, Spencer R. Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_weapon_tests" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Nuclear weapon tests">Nuclear weapon tests</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/index.html">Federation of American Scientists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904031515/http://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/index.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctbto.org/">Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban-Treaty Organization</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/index.html">Nuclear Weapon Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/testing/">NuclearFiles.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikiniatoll.com/whatrad.html">What About Radiation on Bikini Atoll?</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAnqRQg-W0k">"Time-lapse map of all nuclear weapon tests from 1945 to 1998."</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905235003/http://alsos.wlu.edu/default.aspx">Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomcentral.com">Atomic Bomb website and nuclear weapon testing articles</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/nuclear-history-documents">The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_weapons_tests_conducted_by_the_United_States143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_weapons_tests_conducted_by_the_United_States143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_United_States_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of United States nuclear weapons tests">Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Operation_Anvil_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Anvil (nuclear test)">Anvil</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Aqueduct" title="Operation Aqueduct">Aqueduct</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Arbor" title="Operation Arbor">Arbor</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">Argus</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Bedrock" title="Operation Bedrock">Bedrock</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Bowline" title="Operation Bowline">Bowline</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle" title="Operation Buster–Jangle">Buster–Jangle</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Castle" title="Operation Castle">Castle</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Charioteer" title="Operation Charioteer">Charioteer</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Cornerstone" title="Operation Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Cresset" title="Operation Cresset">Cresset</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Crossroads</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Crosstie</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Dominic" title="Operation Dominic">Dominic</a>"

<ul><li>"<a href="Starfish_Prime" title="Starfish Prime">Starfish Prime</a>"</li></ul></li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Emery" title="Operation Emery">Emery</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Fishbowl" title="Operation Fishbowl">Fishbowl</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Flintlock_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Flintlock (nuclear test)">Flintlock</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Fulcrum" title="Operation Fulcrum">Fulcrum</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Fusileer" title="Operation Fusileer">Fusileer</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Greenhouse" title="Operation Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Grenadier" title="Operation Grenadier">Grenadier</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Grommet" title="Operation Grommet">Grommet</a>"

<ul><li><a href="Cannikin" title="Cannikin">Cannikin</a></li></ul></li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Guardian" title="Operation Guardian">Guardian</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Hardtack_I" title="Operation Hardtack I">Hardtack I</a>"

<ul><li>"<a href="Hardtack_Teak" title="Hardtack Teak">Hardtack Teak</a>"</li></ul></li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Hardtack_II" title="Operation Hardtack II">Hardtack II</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Julin" title="Operation Julin">Julin</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Latchkey" title="Operation Latchkey">Latchkey</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Little_Feller_(nuclear_tests)" title="Little Feller (nuclear tests)">Little Feller</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Mandrel" title="Operation Mandrel">Mandrel</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Musketeer_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Musketeer (nuclear test)">Musketeer</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Niblick" title="Operation Niblick">Niblick</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Nougat" title="Operation Nougat">Nougat</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Phalanx" title="Operation Phalanx">Phalanx</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Plumbbob" title="Operation Plumbbob">Plumbbob</a>"

<li>"<a href="Operation_Praetorian" title="Operation Praetorian">Praetorian</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Project_56_(nuclear_test)" title="Project 56 (nuclear test)">Project 56</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_57" title="Project 57">Project 57</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_58/58A" title="Project 58/58A">Project 58/58A</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Quicksilver_(1978)" title="Operation Quicksilver (1978)">Quicksilver</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Ranger" title="Operation Ranger">Ranger</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Redwing" title="Operation Redwing">Redwing</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Roller_Coaster" title="Operation Roller Coaster">Roller Coaster</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Sandstone</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Sculpin" title="Operation Sculpin">Sculpin</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Storax" title="Operation Storax">Storax</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Sunbeam" title="Operation Sunbeam">Sunbeam</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Teapot" title="Operation Teapot">Teapot</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Tinderbox" title="Operation Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Toggle" title="Operation Toggle">Toggle</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Touchstone" title="Operation Touchstone">Touchstone</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper" title="Operation Tumbler–Snapper">Tumbler–Snapper</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Upshot%E2%80%93Knothole" title="Operation Upshot–Knothole">Upshot–Knothole</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Whetstone" title="Operation Whetstone">Whetstone</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Wigwam" title="Operation Wigwam">Wigwam</a>"</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">Alamogordo</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gnome_(nuclear_test)" title="Project Gnome (nuclear test)">Carlsbad</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gasbuggy" title="Project Gasbuggy">Carson National Forest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li>

<li><a href="Frenchman_Flat" title="Frenchman Flat">Frenchman Flat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahute_Mesa" title="Pahute Mesa">Pahute Mesa</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainier_Mesa" title="Rainier Mesa">Rainier Mesa</a></li>

<li><a href="Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Central Nevada</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Shoal" title="Project Shoal">Sand Springs Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range">Nevada Test and Training Range</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Salmon_Site" title="Salmon Site">Salmon Site</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amchitka#Nuclear_testing" title="Amchitka">Amchitka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Rulison" title="Project Rulison">Parachute</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Rio_Blanco" title="Project Rio Blanco">Rifle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">South Atlantic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Atomic_Testing_Museum" title="National Atomic Testing Museum">National Atomic Testing Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallout%3A_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a></li>

<li><a href="Reed_Hadley" title="Reed Hadley">Reed Hadley</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Chuck Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Corbin_Harney" title="Corbin Harney">Corbin Harney</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_Rock_exercises" title="Desert Rock exercises">Desert Rock exercises</a></li>

<li><a href="Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Plowshare" title="Project Plowshare">Project Plowshare</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Atomic_Cafe" title="The Atomic Cafe">The Atomic Cafe</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Bikini" title="Radio Bikini">Radio Bikini</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactor-grade_plutonium_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test">Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity_and_Beyond" title="Trinity and Beyond">Trinity and Beyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Vela_Uniform" title="Vela Uniform">Vela Uniform</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Vitale" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll" title="Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll">Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Nuclear_weapons_testing&oldid=1300805423">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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